Titolo completo
Lessons for Europe and Italy from Other Space Powers: The Civil-Military Interconnection
The study examines how five space powers – China, Russia, the United States, India and Japan – structure the civil-military interconnection in space, focusing on governance models, strategic priorities, the role of private actors and implications for security and technological competitiveness. The case studies show different patterns: China and Russia rely on more centralised and security-driven approaches, while the United States, India and Japan combine civilian, military and commercial dimensions in different ways. For Europe and Italy, the report highlights the need for stronger strategic coherence, better institutional coordination, stable investment and closer integration between research, innovation and security. The main challenge is not to replicate other space powers’ models, but to build a less fragmented European architecture able to support strategic autonomy and balanced international partnerships.
1. Hybrid frontiers: The logic of military-civil fusion in China’s space governance, by Mélusine Lebret, p. 1-8
1.1 Military-civil fusion and China’s implicit dual-use doctrine
1.2 Civil and military space programmes: Governance and approaches
1.3 Budget and resource allocation
1.4 Engagement of private actors, academia and research centres
1.5 International cooperation and partnerships
1.6 MCF in the evolution of space power
1.7 Conclusion
2. Russia’s approach to space: Civil stagnation and military consolidation, by Karolina Muti, p. 9-14
2.1 Russia’s space programme as an element of national identity and foreign policy
2.2 The role of Roscosmos and private actors in a state-led space ecosystem
2.3 The civil-military interconnection: A civil stagnation and a military blooming
2.4 The space programme’s budget
2.5 Sino-Russian relations: From pragmatic cooperation to a reluctant strategic partnership
2.6 Conclusion
3. The United States Space Programme civil-military integration, by Gaia Ravazzolo and Andrea Grillo, p. 14-23
3.1 Strategies, approaches, models and specific characteristics
3.2 The US “whole-of-Government” approach
3.3 The US space budget: Civil, defence and commercial dimensions
3.4 The role of private actors, academia and research centres
3.5 US international space partnerships
4. India and the civil-military interconnection, by Dimitrios Stroikos, p. 24-28
4.1 Introduction: Space for development and India’s distinct civil-military evolution
4.2 Techno-nationalism and self-reliance
4.3 India’s evolving space ecosystem and the civil-military interconnection
4.4 India’s international partnerships
4.5 Conclusion
5. Japan’s national security and civil-commercial space activities: A deepening interconnection, by Yasuhito Fukushima, p. 28-33
5.1 A longstanding track record in civil space activities
5.2 A momentum in space for national security and the civil-national security interconnection
5.3 Strengthening public-private partnerships in defence space activities
5.4 International cooperation and key space partners
5.5 Future outlook
6. Conclusions, by Karolina Muti, p. 34-37
6.1 Strategic and institutional coherence in civil and military space policies and programmes
6.2 Sustained and predictable investments for fewer priority projects
6.3 Academic and research institutions are a strategic asset, between open research, innovation and security
6.4 Balancing the quest for autonomy with international partnerships
Acronyms, p. 38-39
