Nathalie Tocci comments on the decision by 23 EU member states to sign up to a landmark joint defence effort known as permanent structured co-operation on defence (Pesco). “Unless you have the legal, political and financial commitments to make the Europeans seriously wake up on defence, it’s not going to happen", Tocci points out.

Interview by Mehmet Enes Beşer with Anja Palm on the Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and Libya and its effects upon the EU’s migration policies: "The memorandum was presented as the first chapter in a new era of cooperation on irregular migration and border control between Italy and Libya. To be precise, it was not a European effort, but an Italian effort, which was then politically endorsed and financially supported by the EU".