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The International Spectator

The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025

Free: Small-State Niche Diplomacy at Work: The Mediation of the UAE and Qatar in the Russia-Ukraine War Leggi
Open access: Iran and Central Asia: Eurasian Geopolitics in a Changing World Order Leggi

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Small-State Niche Diplomacy at Work: The Mediation of the UAE and Qatar in the Russia-Ukraine War

Leonardo Jacopo Maria Mazzucco
Kristian Patrick Alexander
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 1-20

Kuwait’s Humanitarian and Mediation Efforts: A Model for Middle Power Niche Diplomacy

Mordechai Chaziza
Carmela Lutmar
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 21-39

Joseph Nye’s Soft Power Theory and the Dynamics of China-India Soft Power Competition in South Asia: A Comparative Analysis

Mohammed Nuruzzaman
Noor Mohammad Sarker
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 40-59

China’s Economic Engagement as Strategic Deterrence in Afghanistan

Nishtha Kaushiki
Victor Sathyadas
Sarita Yadav
Hans Raj
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 60-82

Greening the Belt and Road Initiative and the 2030 Agenda: China’s Environmental Diplomacy Discourse in Focus

Agnieszka Nitza-Makowska
Kerry Longhurst
Katarzyna Skiert-Andrzejuk
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 83-102

Alliance Management and Binding Strategy: Why the United States Has Failed to Prevent Turkey from Strategic Rapprochement with Russia

İsmail Akdoğan
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 103-119

The South Caucasus Reconstructed: Polarity and Regional Security Order after the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020

Narek Sukiasyan
Erik Davtyan
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 120-137

Iran and Central Asia: Eurasian Geopolitics in a Changing World Order

Aigerim Altynbek
Edward Wastnidge
Adilbek Yermekbayev
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 138-155

A Vanishing Normative Power? The Changing Dynamics of EU Arms Exports: Trade, Geopolitics and Ethics from the First Gulf War to the War in Ukraine

Chiara Bonaiuti
Luca Bortolotti
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 156-175

Russia and the MENA Region since 2011: From Cautious Engagement to Assertive Intervention

Nicolò Murgia
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 176-178

Global Dreams, Domestic Dilemmas: India’s Major Power Pursuit

N. Dileep Vivek
The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 4, December 2025, p. 179-182