House-Style Guidelines
The International Spectator
House-Style Guidelines

Footnotes and References

The references should be given in shortened form in a footnote with a full version given in the list of references at the end of the article. Note reference numbers should appear as superior numerals following any punctuation marks (except the dash, which should precede the numerals).

"This," George Templeton Strong wrote approvingly, "is what our tailors can do."1

This was obvious in the Shotwell series2 - and it must be remembered.

Angel Moratinos, stated that "sending countries need an array of incentives".3

The Notes should be given in abbreviated form as last name, title (shortened if more than four words), pages:

Example:

1. Strong, East towards Home, 34.

2. Shotwell, "Title of Article", 948.

3. (Translated from the Spanish) Ministerios de Asuntos Exteriores, "La crisis de Canarias".

More than one note at a single location should be combined to create a single note.
Notes should be kept to a minimum. For subsequent references in the footnotes, Ibid. may be used but op. cit. should be avoided. Several page or line references may be more conveniently placed in parentheses in the text rather than as a "garland" of Ibids at the bottom of the page. Care should be taken to ensure that there is no confusion as to what is being referred. Newspaper articles should not be listed in the reference list and should only be introduced in the footnotes section (author's initial included).

The reference list should be given in alphabetical order with the author's last name preceding the first name. For a repeated author or group of authors, the references should be listed in chronological order with the most recent listed first.

Examples:

Book Blackfoot, E. Chance Encounters. Boston: Serendipity Press, 1987.
Blackfoot, E. Postcolonialism: A Geographic Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1910.
Brett, P. D., S. W. Johnson, and C. R. T. Bach. Mastering String Quartets. San Francisco: Amati Press, 1989.
Cline, C. L., ed. The Letters of George Meredith. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.
The Burden of Anonymity. Nowhere: Nonesuch Press, 1948.
Cortazar, J. Cronopios and Famas. Translated by Paul Blackburn. New York: Random House, Pantheon Books, 1969.
Hazard, J. The Soviet System of Government. 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Journal article Benjoseph, J. J. "On the Anticipation of New Metaphors". Cuyahoga Review 24 (1988): 6-10.
Bellworthy, C. C. "Reform of Congressional Remuneration". Political Review 7, no. 6 (1990): 87-101.
Bush, J. R. "Rhetoric and the Instinct for Survival". Political Perspectives 29 (March 1990): 45-53.
Book chapter Kaiser, E. "The Literature of Harlem". In Harlem: A Community in Transition, edited by J. H. Clarke: 59-61. New York: Citadel Press, 1964.
Online article "Stemming the Flow: Abuses against migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees", Human Rights Watch 18, no. 5(E) (September 2006). <http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/libya0906>.
European Parliament, European Parliament resolution on Lampedusa, 14 April 2005, P6_TA(2005)0138. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu>.
Conference paper Zerubavel, E. "The Benedictine Ethic and the Spirit of Scheduling". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, Milwaukee, Wis., April 1978.
Thesis King, A. J. "Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Pre-history of Modern Zoning". Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1976.
Document Council of the European Union, Programme of Measures to Combat Illegal Migration across the Maritime Borders of the member states of the European Union, 15236/03 FRONT 170 COMIX 717, 28 November 2003
Commission of the EC, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: The Global Approach to Migration One Year On: Towards a Comprehensive European Migration Policy, COM (2006) 735 final: 9.
US Senate. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts speaking for the Joint Resolution on Nuclear Weapons Freeze and Reductions to the Committee on Foreign Relations. S.J. Res. 163. 97th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional Record (10 March 1982), vol. 128, pt. 3.
US Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943. Washington, DC: GPO, 1965.

Abbreviations

  • Avoid overuse of abbreviations ('that is', rather than 'ie')
    Spell out acronyms on first use, indicating the acronym in parenthesis immediately thereafter. Use acronym for all subsequent references.
  • In general, use a full point for lower case abbreviations (et al., ibid., ed., art.), but no full point for upper case abbreviations (US, UN, Washington, DC).
  • No points after abbreviations if the final letter of the abbreviation is the final letter of the word (e.g. Ltd, Dr, Mr, Mrs, edn, eds, but vol., ed.).

Capitalisation

  • Too many variables to give brief rules. Consult New Hart's Rules, if available. In general:
  • keep capitals to a minimum
  • keep in mind author usage and the context of the issue or article: eg. a special issue on Central and Eastern Europe might employ capitals throughout, while an article referring to that region in passing may use eastern Europe.

Commas

  • Use a serial (Oxford) comma.

Dates

  • 1 June 2004, 1990s, 21st century, mid-17th century (hyphenated)
  • Use least amount of numerals for date ranges; use hyphen: 1756-63, 1990-2002

Names

  • Give both name and surname the first time a person is mentioned in the text.

Numbers

  • one to ten, 11+, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, one million, 100 million, etc
  • 500 km (space), £100 billion, 18 percent (but use % in figures and tables)
  • Page ranges should be reduced as far as possible; use a hyphen: pp. 22-3, 256-7, 207-8

Dashes

  • Use hyphens, not dashes, for number ranges.
  • Use spaced en dashes ( -- ) when offsetting text within a sentence.

Headings

  • Article title - main words have initial caps.
  • Subheadings - A: Bold, "sentence" case, flush left; B: Italics, "sentence" case, flush left

Hyphens

    Again too many variables to give brief rules. Refer to New Hart's Rules. In general:

  • do not hyphenate: -ly adverbs fully operational; multiple words used as nouns day off; most prefixes, except where the word would be ambiguous or overly long
  • hyphenate: compound adjective part-time course; noun-present participle combination decision-making; numbers/fractions when written in full Forty-five, two-thirds
  • if in doubt, go with the author's preference if its consistent. If not, follow Oxford English Dictionary

Quotations

  • Double quote marks; single within double.
  • Punctuation should be outside quotation marks unless the quotation contains a grammatically complete sentence starting with a capital letter.

Spelling

 
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